Definitions

Mass fatality incident

Following an emergency or major incident, there may be a large number of fatalities. Due to the scale of the situation and demands on the emergency services, it may not be practical or appropriate to follow normal arrangements. It can therefore be proportionate and necessary to invoke the DVI process.

Incidents may be categorised as follows:

Open incidents

Open incidents are where the number and details of the deceased are not known at the time when the incident is declared, and this information cannot be easily ascertained. During these incidents, there is likely to be early high demand for information from family and friends reporting people missing.

Closed incidents

Closed incidents are where the provisional number and details of the deceased can be easily obtained. Ante Mortem evidence can be collected at an early stage and the involvement of other people can be provisionally discounted.

Major incident

A major incident is an event or situation, with a range of serious consequences, which requires special arrangements to be implemented by one or more emergency responder agencies.

Critical incident

A critical incident is any incident where the effectiveness of the police response is likely to have a significant impact on the confidence of the victim, their family and/or the community.

Declaring a mass fatality incident

National planning for a mass fatality response is coordinated centrally by the Fire Resilience and Major Events (FRaME) part of the Home Office.

The decision to declare a mass fatality incident lies jointly with HM Coroner or Procurator Fiscal and the Gold Commander. Consult the chief executive of relevant local authorities when reaching a decision and form a mass fatality coordination group (MFCG) as soon as the decision is made to declare a mass fatality incident.

Where police respond to a mass fatality incident, the Gold Commander assumes overall command and has ultimate responsibility and accountability for the police response. This includes attending and possibly chair a strategic coordination group (SCG), if established, or considering the need to request that an SCG is set up.

The decision to form an mass fatality coordination group (MFCG) may be influenced by a number of factors:

• the number of deceased (actual or potential)
• whether the nature of the incident is likely to make identifying the deceased difficult
• whether any, or many, of the deceased are in difficult to access locations
• whether there are fragmented human remains
• whether the incident was as a result of terrorist or criminal activity
• if any hazards are present at the scene – for example, asbestos, chemicals or radiological debris – that need to be taken into account before recovering the deceased, property or evidence
• whether suitable and sustainable mortuary capacity is available for as long as is likely to be required

Deceased persons

This refers to a body that is readily identifiable as a deceased human being and is still intact. If a limb is severed, even if it is lying alongside a deceased torso missing a limb, it is to be retrieved as separate ‘human remains’.

Human remains

This refers to any fragments or parts that have come from a human body. Human remains can range from limbs to small fragments.

Legal control and care of the body

Once HM Coroner or Procurator Fiscal jurisdiction is engaged, the legal control and care of the body passes to HM Coroner or Procurator Fiscal to allow them to carry out their statutory investigative duties. As soon as this is over, usually following any Post Mortem examination and formal identification process, the body is released back to the next of kin or those entitled to receive it.

Those involved with grieving families must deal with them in a sensitive manner and be aware of the terminology that they use. For instance, they must never describe the body of their loved one as ‘belonging to HM Coroner or Procurator Fiscal’. 

See J.Jones ‘The patronising disposition of unaccountable power’ A report to ensure the pain and suffering of the Hillsborough families is not repeated. London: TSO. 

The functions and responsibilities of HM Coroner or Procurator Fiscal, along with any legal language, should be carefully explained to families.